Tuesday, January 18, 2011

Kan Phlih Kho Hrim lo KaU (A Remember to My Brother)

By: Salai Tial Bawi Ling (February 11, 2010 deilei 2:30 Am)

2007-kum Chiangmai sianginn ka rak kai lio Salween tiva kam Thailand ramchung lei um Karen khaute ah Field-trips kan rak kal hna. The Greater Mekong sub-region ramchung aiawh in pahnih cio Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma,Chiangmai University in pahnih Harvard University in pakhat Asai River network coordinatornu le Bangkok post reporternu kanzatein "20" hrawng kan si. Laktik mei aumlo, nithaa (solar cell) in innkhat pakhat cio mei an van khaw. Thai Siangpahrangpa nih khuate lei laktik umlonak hmun poah ah atuahpiak mi hna asi. Zan poahpoah ah kan ni khawm hna, mah le ram nungphung tete cio kan nichimtawn hna. Na rianţuannak kong le Laimi nan nungphung tete na kan ruah kho hnga maw anka ti. Thlanglei Laitlang Mindat karak tlawn lio Lainu hna Kawl Siangpahrang fir tih ah anhmai an iţialtarnak (tattooed face) aa thoknak kong kha karak chimhpah tawnhna, cukong cu ngeih anduh tuk. Mt.Victoria tlang ka rakkai lio Rili in "pe 8,000" asannak ah motorcycle ka rak ileh nak kong, Kalay-Tahan 9 mile gate ah Myanmar Anti-Narcotics Association MANA nih ka ruksai (backpack) anka checknak, India le Burma boarder guard hna kut in kaluatnak tehna hi ngeih an zuamtuk anka hal lengmang thawn. Mekong School coordinator Ms.Sabrina nih, Ahmasabik "CHRO" ca' rianţuan na thoknak kong Kawlram Rangoon airport in Laitlang na luhnak kong hi kan sianginn nih cauk in kan chuah lai arak Katinain Kawlram ah kir ţhan ding ka si, ka kong nanchuah ahcun ram chungah rian ka ţuan kho ti lai lo ka ti.

2005 kum Chiangmai Chrismas zing cu Myanmar missionary biakinn ah Pu Victor Biak Lian le athaisawn nu U Khuang he kan hmangti hna. Ka miţthlamah Kansemnak Hakha khua i kan nolio caan Chrismas khuasik zingka chungţuan kan ni thawnh hna le December thla kan phan ţhancang ee' Biakinn ţamhcaan sicang tiin Sunday School saya/ma rianţuanti hawile hna he Rungtlang ah firkung kan rak laak lio caan hna, dingdi par hna kan rak ţhawh lio caan hna kha kamiţthlamah avung cuang ruangmang. Laikhal ramcaah rianţuan ding in kapum kape cang a ruahhlanah athukmi horkuang le phanhballonak hmunhma hna kava kalcang lai mu. Zeihlei khuaruah awk le timhtuah awk a um lo. Google Earth tuin Laitlang katlawnnak ding le India ramrilei tiva lungpang horkuang tlangthluan hna umtu ning kalungchung icinken dih ding ka zaum. January thla a vunphan, Laihlum ka Nu thawng ka theih lonak asau ko cang, tuhrawng ka mang a chia pah lengmang tiin lung sivang ngai in ka um, Ka Nu cu ka hei chawnh. Kafa' kannih cu thinphangluri in kan um ko na U kha, mi innţhehrian a bawmhnak hna'ah atlu i alubiklei in platform cung ah atluk ca'h atu hi sizung ah a um, Akhawn nakin atutiang alung afim kho rih lo anithumnak sizing kan um asi cang, ţhinphang kan si ko na U adonghnak asi kho ko ee ti'n ka Nu he telephone kan i chawnh ahcun a vun ka chimh ko.. Phone chung in ka Upa akhawndennak thawng avun ka chimh cun biadang akaruah mi zong ka theikho ti lo, ka arr ko!!!, khuazaza ka ruat. U Vic sin ah kavun chimh. "Laitlang katlung colh ahau".U Vic nih siko vatlung narianţuan dingmi tu i ralring nangmah te'in napum naa ven thiam ahau. Aherh mi tete cu ahnutu ah kan contact te lai. Ka program ningah Laitlang kakai hlanah video editing le documentary feature lakning (short training) kai ta kaa tim nain cawnta awk ka ţha ti lo. Kawlram lei tlung ding in vanlawng ticket ka booking colh. Ahmasak bik ticket kahmuh mi Chiangmai-Yangon airmandalay vanlawng in Zertezing 27 January ah Rangoon lei ahcun kathawh. Rangoon kaphanh in "Sule" ah phaisa kathlang (Kawlram ahcun dollar hi black market ah illegal lawng in thlan khawh asi). Cuzaan 2:00 am ah' Laitlang in phone ara na Upa nih ankan liam takcang. Ka Upa hi ka "dawttuk mi le ka upat" mi asi. Hawibantuk in mipumrua thapi le rumrua ngei thiltikhomi asilonain kei ka ca'h cun a tling hringhren ko. Ka hnulei in akadirkamhtu ka hngakchiat lio caan hawihe iisikvelh lio caan te hna akan bawmtu zungzal asi. Sianghleirun ka rak kailio ah Malaysai in a rak tlung, kanau keimah aiawh ah sianghleirun na kaikhawh cu kan lawm tuk aka ti i angeichunh te a jeans bawngbi le shirt angki a ka pek. Ramdang in arak tlung mi nasi Laitlang na kai tikah thilhrukawk na ngei lailo nangmah nih i ti ko ka ti hmanhah tuahkhat lawng a ngeihmi akeden bak avun phoih aka pekchap. University kakai chung, Cu ka U pek mi te jeans bawngbi le shirt angki kha ka thil vialte lakah aţhabik asi. Milak chuahnak le puai kalnak deuh ah ka hruk tawn.

Maw kanLairam te ngeih na va um hringhran dah!!! Thlizil a vun hrang caan ah chawkhleipar hna le farkung rim tete ka vun theih, Cu him hna cu kan Lairam chung kanphan cang ti hmelchunhnak rim hna ansi. Hitluk aa dawhmi saram phunphun um nak, va phungtling awthawng thannak, thingkeppar phuntling an parnak leng le valno hna anzalennak Zingnu kan ramte zeiruang ahdah Laimi hitluk kan sifak le kan har hnga? Lairam chung um dihlak minung 518,144 hrawng lawng kan si kanram nih na kan celh lo mu tiin lampi thluangthluan khua ka ruah. Ka thinkadawmh, maw lungfak avasi dah. Ka chuahsemnak Hakha hi February zarhkhatnak ah ka phan. Ralkap tili hna le Kehthie kung hna cu anmah ning tein Lai an rakhlum nan Nawi nelrawn Thingthli kung tu cu a puur cang. Hakha kaphanh cangka in ka U an vui nak Lungbiakinn thlaanmual lei ah cun kakal colh. Thlanlung caţial tinbawsi hmenh aro rih lo mi ca aţial mi cu ka vun rel, Cu chung ahcun ka dawtmi kafapa Val.Van Chum Uk (Akum-33) ti ca ka vun relbak ah kamiţthli a vun luangthluah mah, atanglei ca aţial mihna zong ka hlaih kho ti hna lo. Ka U thlaanhram te ahcun ka khuk ka bil, "Maw ka U kan gnaituk na dam maw?" ti thawng zong kan hal menh lo, na ka liam tak ai cang. Kei cu ram le miphun caah rianţuan ka thawk cang, alanglo hmun na thlarau tal in rak ka dirpi hram mu ka U tin bawm ka hal.

Ka Nu le sinah zaanhnih ka um ta. Ka lohmatuk ahcun thlanglei Laitlang lei ah ka thawh. Kankaw (Taungdanpya Hotle) ah ka ţhum. "Mi hlathlai" (Sahtunglung) pa aţhum ve.Tuan'ah cun sahtunglung asi ka theilo "titkunghte" thing a caw mi ah ka rel. Zeinaţuan aka ti Rangoon University in pawngkam umtu ning a cawng lio mi kasi thesis ţial ah ka buai kati. Ka thilhruk le ka camera pawl azohah alung cu a va hringhren ko dah. Athaizing a coat angki tangin avun chuak sualmi ralkap t-shirt kavun zohlio bak kan miţ aa tong, I pheh awk ţhat ti lo maw zeidik "talkywalky" phone a kenmi zong a vun langhtar lawlaw. Kawlram ah cun "talkywalky" phone hna hi cozah nih akhamh caah (ţhokhlanzi) mi hlathlai pawl lawng nih an ngeih. Kan ngeih an kan theisuallai lo timaw an phan zeidik, an handphone hna cu a langh khawh chung in aniken hna kanmah bantuk rianţuan mi hna caah cun thilţha ngai asi ralring a fawi(tck..,Rangoon ahcun Handphone angeimi poah zaalchung bags tbk senh umlo alanghnak bik ankutchung bak ah aniken). Mindat lei kalding in motor ahar ngai zaankhat ka hngah. Zaanriah ei ah rawldawr ahcun ka vun lut ralkap pawl le satunglung pawl cu cabuia khatţhup an rak ţhu ko hna. Vunchuah awk ah ahar ko, lungchung in iphuhrun asi, Kalut lawlaw cang fawn, rawlcu ka ei. Ka lungchung cun cheinghngai rual lak i savek bantuk pei ka lawk ko hi.

Laimi ka si nak kalung ahmuih bik vemi cu kan theihballo mi hna le kan kal ballonak hmunhma hna kan ni ton tik zong ah unau achuakkhat ti bantuk in kan nizokhenh mihi asi lai dah. Kankaw le Laitlang ramri hrawng tlorthing hna Kawlpawl nih an hau nak hmun tehna hi ka theih ballo mi Lai thlai Mindat kan unau pa nih cun khuadai maw dailo zingkasik te ah motor cycle in hmunkip ah a ka kalpi aka hmuhsak hmanzong tamlak te kathlak. Kan tlorthing ţhaţha hna cu miphun dang hnanih chunchun zaanzaan an kan lakpiak ko khi lung a va fak dah. Cu thorthing hna phorhnak ding caah Pakukku-Kankaw-Kalay tlanglawng lam hi an chunh nak asi.

Mindat lei kankal pah ah Ţhillin khua ah zaan kan riak. Lai le Kawl rualremnak hmelchunh Lungphun an rakphunnak hmun asi. Kanthlun lei zongah hika hin chikhat kan ni dinh lio vanţhat ah thlanglei Laitlang katlawn lio can ka tonkhawh lo mi hruaitu bik hi Hakha ah meeting arak kai anih akir lei kei kakir lei veve ah kan ni tong thlanglei Laitlang kan unau khrifa asimi hna Kawlcozah nih harnak an peknak kong an raktonmi le catlap aherh mi aka pek. Mindat ahhin Phungki lei in asang bik anti vemi sayadaw Ashin Pingngaa a umnak asi. Kawlram Theravada biaknak lei in Lutlai lei asi cang. Hipa rianţuan khawhnak ruangah hin Mindat kan unau tampi Buddhism lei an luhnak zong asi. Motor a kal caah motor lam kanti khawh menmen khi si ko. Cawleng lam ceoceo ti awk a si, Vawlei dip khaţhup kadawp chip nak si lai cu Indai kaphanh tiang ka khuk adam kho zok lo. Hika motor lam thluan kam ah tlorthing an phorhnak hmun tampi a um. Keimah lila ka khuaruah a harmi cu kan ithieh ballo mi hna Upa cheukhat nih ralkap sahuai tihnungtuk ansi nak kong le tihnungral asi ti theih bu in hremnak le namnehnak harnak an ton mi poahpoah ankan chimh le report ca te hna an kan pekngam mi ka hmuh tikah keimah thil tikhawhnak silo in pathian nih pei Laimi an kan dirpi hi ka ti.

Mindat ka phanh in Kaitdaw khua ah ka va kal. Chan nih akaltak vemi hna anlo. An khautaw um mi thlanmual "400" hrawng a si ( lungin tuah mi thlan an si, lungzu festival tiin amin thang). An mah khaumi cu inn "28" lawng an si. Fungvoi hi an rawl thawbik asi. bengte chung ah lung an phah cucu ankut in lungzawl kuttum ngaw cun an suk ning asi. Facang an ei kho lo. Kumkhat ah voi zeizah dah? facang an ei ti rel piak khawh asi. An khuasak ning anhar ngaingai. Biakinn balte chanpho cih asi. Zupuu hi Siaki in din asi. Thlanglei Laitlang ka umchung zanriah ka ei ballo. Zupuu le Siasa ka rinh lengmang ve. Voikhat cu inn khatthup in zupuu an rak luah cio hna ka va i tal ve. Putarnawn asi cangmi pa athlanhri nih apaih thluahmah ko kapu nadam lo maw? kati, nizaan hramhlak ka kalnak ah khuachia nih a ka tlaih ka paw a ka fahter ati. Apaw cu atolh ko. Fungvoi lawngte an ei nak ah an pawpi nih arial khawh lo ruangah zawtnak a chuhpi tu pawpi cancer hna asi men lai ti ka ruat. Tarnu pakhat ahmai acak taktak siaremlo a si i ka vun hal, kapi zeitin dah "Ti" na kholh ning asi? La ti, Ka chuahka in "Ti" kakholh ka theih voihnih asi aka ti. Care Myanmar NGOs nih Mindat le Kanpalet hi a zohkhen hna. An Director Tulukpa "Mr. Hok San" hi USA ah sianginn a rak kaibal mi asi Kaidaw khua kakalnak pitar nu ti akholh lo nak cu an motor in Kanpalet lei kankal pah ahcun kachimh. Ti inn ka ser piak hna lai aka ti.( Ahnu katheih ţhan micu Mr. HokSan nih cun pitar nu inn hmai ah ti inn cu a rak ser piak).

Kanpalet cu Saw khau he anaih ngaingai. Tamdeu inntual hmai ahcun rang hirhar in ramlak baathak pan teinpar mi tete nitlang ah pher in an pho cio hna. Patung hna le mino tamdeuh hna cu hramlak ah thingkeppar an kawl. Tuluk ram ah zuar ding an si. Ngeihchia ngai asimi cu Mt. Victoria tlangthluan chung hrawng thingkeppar a khuehnak thingkung hna cu thingkkepar ruah ah hau dih an si. Mt. Oasis resort ah ka ţhum. Rili in "pe 6,000" asan nak "eco-tourism site" Lairam kan ngeih chunh te pakhat a um nak hmun asi. University ka rak kai lio ah "YIT" a rak kai mi ka hawipa Mindat engineer pa hi hika tlang cungah riansangpi a rak ţuan amahnih ka herh mipoah aka tawlrel pi. Mt.Victoria tlang hi rili in "pe 15,000" asang. Kawlram ah pathumnak le S/E Asia ah horha lungpang umlo nak vawlei lawng nih a khuhmi tlang lak ah asang bik asi.

Maw Bawipa ram ca'h rianţuan ding in naka thimmi kasi ve ahcun, rak ka bawm hram, Damte le himtein rak ka thawhter, Cun Indai ram chung tiang himte'n ka luhkhawhnak hnga rak ka hruai Ram rianţuan awk atlak lo na ti ahcun nang mah na nawl asi ko tiin "Mt. Victoria" tlangpar zikah an hnuai mi pura hmanthlak ka lak hnu kankir lei rili in "Pe 8,000" asan nak ah motorcycle ka leh lio kasiarpaleng in katlak, kalung avunmit thluahmah kalung lolh lai te ah kathinlung chung in thla ka cammi asi. PaThian nih a ka umpi hringhren. Minute 30 thluk a ruah ah ka lung a vun fim virvair. Kamit ka vun au arfi le thlapa hi ka takpumchung in an chuak thlauhmah ko. Kahawi pa cu a lautuk. Amiţ au veitia in a ka zohko. Ka vun tho,ka hit dih, ka takpum a him le him lo ka check, ka Jeans coat le Jeans bawngbi ka hruk zong si ka khuk zawnte lawng a kawk ka siapi balte thlaruk chung acawl kho lo. Ka motorcycle a tanglei thir akiak. Ka takpum ka check dih cun ka khau ruah tu ahar. Ka lung cung in PaThian nih a ka um pi ti hnangamnak in a khat. Mt. Victoria tlang chung ahhin vawleicung hmuntlawm te lawng ah an hmuh khawh mi Black orchid le vawlei cung hmanh'ah "record" um rih lo hmuh balrih lo mi a par aihre rong a hnah um lo aaluba bantuk asi mi thingkeppar phunkhat hi vanţhat ah ka miţ nih a va hmuh ve. Keimah tlangpar ka kai hlan nihnih ah Japan biologist pa a rak phan cu pathawng in hmuhhar mi thingkeppar hna kong katheih le ka hmuh hi asi.

Pipu chimchin mi bai lawng in asi. Record ţhatein lak le ţial mi a um lo. Thlanglei Laimi nu hna anhmai ţial "tattoed face" athawknak sullam hi Kawl siangpahrang King Mingdong (1853-1878) chan lio in a thawk ti si dawh a lo. Lia nu hna cu an vun avar annih dawh ca'h Kawlpawl nih nupi caah le sal cah anrak fir tawn hna. Hilio can Pa hna cu lo rianţuan ah ramlak ah rak um bik caan asi khauchung ahhin hngakchia le nu deuh lawng an rak um. Cucaah fawitein an rak firkhawh hna, Kawl pawl fir tih ruagnah an hmai an rak iţialter kha a rak si. Hikong hepetlaih in eco-tourmism site in Northwest part of Burma capar ka ţial cang. Nihin balte ahcun phunglam bantuk ah a vung kal. Nungak hna an hmai an ni ţial lo ahcun va anngei kho ti lo. Va ngeih duh ah an hmai ţialter asi, acheu nihcun hi hmai ţialter hi an ţih tuk. Hiti hmaiţial hi kan muichia ti zong an theih tuk cang.

Phuhlam lehrualhnak timi balte an ngei rih. Putarpa sei aa bei pahin akeng in laimeithal a put pah. Ka pu na meithal cu an rih lo ma thilkhat lak in na phorh si, na meithal cu na ken ding si ţung lo ka ti ahlan ka phunhawi nih mi anrak thah hna "phuu" an ka hlam sual lai ti kaphang. Pakhat le pakhat ani thahnak a ruang bik cu vawlei anni cuhhna. "Land title" cozah leinih ţha tein tahpiak a um lo, hmunhma cuhnak in a chuak mi ral asi. Hmunţhatnak tuhmawng le cerhkam hna hi ahopoah nih tlawh duh asi. Phuhlam ruangah Khua pahnih bak anci anni hmit dih tiin ka hawipa nih a ka chimh. Pakhat le pakhat cungkhar karlah an rak ithah bal ahcun ţhihnak atuartu hna chungkhar lak in paţhawng bik nih aleh rulh. Paţhawng rinhchanh awk tlak an um rih lo ahcun hmundang ah an peem chung an lakin rinchanhawk tlak avun chuah ve tikah an hruaitu upa nih thal le cantiang apek hna hnu ah phuhlam ding asi mi hna an um nak kha achimh. Paţhawng tampi an um ahcun an hruaitu nih artlang in a dir tarhna arti kha hmuichawnselnak ah an chiah. Arti kuai lak in akapkhotu nih phuhlam rian cu alaak.

Avoi -57 nak Laiphunpi ni cu Hakha ah hlunghlai ngai in an rak tuah. "CACC" hoha nak in U Chum Ling fanu kha Khuang an cawi. Hakha ka rak kir ţhan hi February 19 ah asi. Rungtlang ah ka va kai. Hlanlio kan caan hna kamiţthlan ah an vun langthluahmah. Khuasik thla hi cu Rungtlang hmunkik ah nonstop 46-48 laamnak hla thawng lawngte aa zel. Kan tlanval ka lio a sangsang in siseh acheu an hawile hna he semmaung leng le val hna tlang kan kai nikhat aliam hmenh theihmenh asi lo zankhua kan dei "sanpuak" kanchuan hna kan niduh hna kan lengtti hna a va sung lawi hringhren dah. Maw arak nuam hringhren ko!! Philh nih a um lailo mu. Kha vialte mino hna nuamhnak kan Rungtlang cung ah ralkap "226" le mi hlathlai "28" battalion nih hmunh an khuar dih cang. Phungki Lunkawngpa milem nganpi le pura anbunh hna. Ralkap camp pawl le "Pura" cu hman kathlak cuahmah kin hi "Pura" hi BoThan Shwe le Daw KyaingKyaing nih onnak antuah timi lungcaţial hi ka ah tiin ka hawipa ka vun chimh, zeinan tuah inn chung ah raklut uh ti au thawng kan theih. Ka thin cu dukduk tin atur. Rungtlang hi aho poah mah duh in luhkhawh asi ti lo. Ralkap sin in luhnak nawl hmuh hmasa ahau. Ralkap camp umtuning thlitein camera le video in kanthlak dih thinphan lo awk aţha lo. Phungki innchung ( zayat) leicun kanlut ankan au tucu phungki (kyuangthaing) pa arak si ko. Hakha holh athiamning hmenh a mak tunai ka hawipa he biathli kan ni ruah mi atheih ahcun lokbak asi tin kalung chung in ka ruahlio ah Phungki patu nih lakphak ti le thangngiah an kan dangh leh lam. Zeidah nanti nan camera pipi he titu ankan hal, Chin magazine cover caah dingdipar hmankan rak thla ta kan ti.

Hakha khuanu khaupa tonherh mi ka ton khawh dih hna hnu cun kalohma chuahnak ding India lei kal pah Falam ah zanthum ka tang hnu ah Kalaymyo lei ka zuang. "Kalay-Tahan 9 mile gate" kanluh leiah "MANA" Myanmar Anti-Narcotics Association special palik pa nih ka ruksai (backpack) cu a vun dah. 9 mile gate hi Indai lei kalnak boarder line asi tikah bing, sii ai heroin and drugs hna meithal phor sumdawng pawl an tleih langmangnak hmun asi. An hran nak taktak hmun zong asi. Na ID kanpiah zei tuahmi dah na si tiin palikzawngsen pa nih cun avun ka hal. Rangoon lei ah kakir cang lai, Rangoon University in Pawngkam umtu ning acawng lio mi kas i. Ka lau tukah Keimah aw lila hmenh kaa thei lo. Ka ruksai (backpack) cu a vun ka awntar. Ka miţhmai a chiah awk kathei tilo. Kakut ka tum. Maw pasal kahacang thlitein ka rial. Palikboruak panih cun ka thil cu avun kau thluahmah trawel in ka khuh mi kathilri pawl lawng an thang. Kacatlap cu akut in avun tongh ko nain amitsir in kapawngkam nutung nu athil avun tuai cuahmah mi a ngait. A tongh mi catom kha rak zok sual sehlaw kawlca in a ţialmi Magwe Division Ngape khua baikinn ralkap nih an khanghnak report ca bak asi. Cun hmanthlak film role 9 le Laimi krifa biaknak an kan namnehnak catlap pawl kong (religion persecutions) Hramhram rianţuantarnak kong ( forced labour) Nu tleihhremnak kong (rape cases) Ralkap camp video kathlak mi le laphakchawk kung( tea plantation) an cinnak caah Hniarlawn khualu an ti laknak ram hramhram an thio hna nak kong( Land confiscation) interview ka tuah mihna le Kalay University Lai-Sianghleirun hnasin phawtzamh ding Pu Victor le Pu Dr.Lian Hmung (sakhong) Measoh khua kazulh hnalio 2006 January ah (federal constitution draft an tuahnak kong UBS) te hna a um.(Mirror news) Kawl tadinca chung lawng in kan rak theih thawnmi hna "KIA,KNU,SSA ,DKBA ",tbk Kawl cozah kha hriamnam hmang in ado tu tlangcung miphun vialte hna aiawhtu upa vialte le 1988 Kawlram a buai lio in a raktlimi sianghleirun hna (exile students ABFDS) bu kip antling. Cu hnalakah Laimi aiawh in Pu Dr.Lian hmung Sakhong le Pu Victor Biak Lian nih ruahnak ţhaţha le vawlei cung ramkip an ni hruaining phunglam mu le mai hna (constitution and by laws) zohchih in Kawlram ca he atlak bik ding tiin ruahnak an vun chuahpi mihna ka hmuh tikah Laimi Kawlram miphun vialte hna lakah kan miţhmai ankan hngaltar tu an si, anmak hrimhrim ko aur an va um dah. Cu kacun Laimi Pali kan nital. Salai Ram Ling Hmung fapa Thangpi le Zomi lei in pakat keimah he Nationalities Youth Forum Chiangmai ah (international advocacy training) kan rakkai timi cu kan si hna.

Abik in Pu Dr. Lianhmung Sakhong nih ruahnak a chuahmi le a vun tlangtlak mihna khi aur a um khun. Pu Lian he Chiangmai in Measok kan ra ti. Lampi thluangthluan bia kan ni ruah pah. Kawlpawl he kan ikhat hrimhrim lonak tahcunhnak bia aka chimh mi hrim aur a um ko. "Pura le Rirangci" an rak um. Para hram ah mikip an ra i an biak, an zitmoih ning le pura cu a tleu in a tleu ko Pura cu alung aa si tuk, Rirangci te cu ahmete Pura hramte ah toidor tein Pura sin um ve ding ah nawl ahal. Pura nih nangmah Rirangci tehna nahme tuk ka kehram vawlei akahnak ah um men ko tin zeirello in ati. Caan asau deuhdeuh Rirang cu ahungngan deuhdeuh Pura umnak cu arolh Pura cu akhuai dih. Kawl le Lai zong mahbantuk kan si tiin tahchunhnak a chim mi nih fiang pup a langter. Ralkap nih anka tleih sual ahcun keimah lawng silo in khuaram dawtu hna Laimitamtuk cungah chimkhawh lomi harnak tlung ding asi. Kalung chung ah biak ka khiah lampi hmun khatkhat ah ralkap cozah nih an katleih sual ahcun kaluat khawhnak ding lam aum chungbak kacawlcang lai. Mah lo le kei mah maw akatlai hmasatu dik thit ding asi ko ti mi (iron decision) bak kalung in kachiah. Khual katlawn chung "saml-23" “Bawipa kan tu khal” hi kalung chung in karellang mang.

Zarhte le Zarhpi cu Indai lei kalmi jeep pawl an um lo. Kalay University Lai-Sainghleirun hoha tu ka hawipa Ceu Cem ( Tupa) ka va ton. Miphun le ram ca'h biatak tein a ţangmi asi. Keimah Sianghleirun ka rakkai lio zongah rian kan ţuanti hna. Amah sinah ka "mission" atawinak in ka chimh hnu ah "Federal constitution draft" cu "printout" kan tuah pages 75 leng hrawn. Kalaymyo in ka chuah hnu nithum aruah hnu lawngah Sianghleirun sinkip ah narak phawtzamh hna lai ka titak. Tuangzalat Hotle ah kathum Teddim lei kan unau hna ta asi Kalaymyo ahcun aţhabik le ramdang mi an nit thumnak bik asi. Thailand in ramchung ka rakluh tiang hotle kaţhumh caan poah ah luhchuah fawinak le thlalangawng pawng lawngte kaa thim. Dungdang tlikzamnak a fawi lai tiin. Ka "mission" adih hlan chung cu zaanzong ah mikukcim in ka hngalh kho lo. Mitkutthu thluahmah in vun i hngalh ning tiin wisky ka din piak zong ah ahlei lo. Ka thinphan si ka baat si lung retheih si. Dahmei le phaisa hi ka kalnakkip ah kaken zungzal. March a zarhkhatnak, Kalaymyo in Tiddem lei ahcun ka kai 9 mile gate ah Passenger vialte ţumdih uhlaw nan "ID" kha nan mahte cio i keng uh tiah palik pa nih cun an kan ti. Passinger pawl kan ţumdih cun motor chung an lut, kanthilri an check. Motor ka rak i citmi hi Kalay le Teddim khua akal mi lawng asi aphungmen lawng in an check. India lei direct akal mi "Chindwin star jeep" pawl cu akikarik tiang an khuih anbih an virh. Motor cungah kaidih cang uh tin palikboruak pa nih a vun ti. Palikboruak pa cu motor chung lutnak kutka hram in a dir i passingers pawl anlut pa'h in ID cu a check cuahmah ko hna. Khual katlawn lai ah ka ralring lang mang, Ka catlap vialte hi hotle chung ka chuahhlan in ka takpum ah type in kaa sengh dih. Thuh awk aţha baklo mi Vedio Tape le film camera pawl balte cu ka ruksia (backpack) chungah ka chiah hna. Direct zokkhawh colh mi ansilo ca'h ka thing aphang tuk lo. Palikboruak pa "ID" acheck mipa kha Kalay ka ţum lei kathilri aka checktu palikzawngsen celngel arak si ţhan.Cekhale, avapoi dah. Karak ţumlei ah Rangoon kakal lai tiin kahlen cang atu hizawngsenpa lila kan he kan ni tongţhan akahmuh sual ahcun luatnak lam aum ti lo tiin alanghlat zunzun pa in ka ngait. Laikhal, zeisi ah motor amaung tupawl luhnak ahmailei kutka in seh' kaluh tiin zeihmenh zohloin kutka cu ka awn, kakai ka ţhutnak ah thup ka ţhu. Gate ah paliksahaui antam liangluang a ho nih zeiti a ruah awk an kan theilo.

Teddim ka phanh zing mikip nih bia an ni ruah mi cu Imphal le Tongzaang ramri ah Zomi ramtang mi an lut. Nizan ah Hakha in Teddim ah Laitlang uktu ralkapbawizik Colonel (beohahmu) a rata nain Teddim aphanhcang ka in a kir ţhan ti thawngpang aţhalo tuk ti asi. Kalungthli in Kawlchia uico zawngsen hna nan ralhruh hi.Tedding in "Ţoi" lei ah chunnitlak kankal. Indai cozah nih (friendship program) in Lam an chunh lio asi. Zaan 7:30 hnu ah "Tio chak Indai-Burma" boarder guard ralkap camp ah kan motor cu a vun aluh bak in gate cu an vun khar colh. Ţumdih uh tuzaan cu ka hin nan riak dih lai, nantlai tuk cang gate hi zaanlei 7:00 tiang lawng kan awn nan thil vialte cu thaizing kan in check dihhnu hna lawng ah nan ţhumh lai i Ţoi ah nan zuang te lai tiin ralkap senthumpa cu a vun au. Maw Khuazing ruahlo inpei Indai ramri ah ankan tleihdeng ko hi. Thawngpang chia hi rak um hlahseh law kan motor kha tuan ah kan vachuak hnga adongh nakbik boarder gate ahpie kaloh khawh hi tiin khua ka ruat. Ralkap hna annupi le nih an tuah mi rawldawr ah kan kal cio hna. Kamiţ au cu chiandeih nih sa apellio"hunter eye" bak khi a lo khua zaza ka ngiat acheu vokphur pawl cu rawl an order.Tahan nu sumdawng mi tete an um. Mizo holh in "tuizan spyhote camp riah cu sithei lo ee Ţoi ah kan chuk dawn" tiin hawi anni sawm hna. Kan driver pa thli tein ka chimh ka ruksai (backpack) na kalakpiak kho lai maw Ţoi ah tuzaan hrimhrim ka ţum ahau ka ti. Ţoi lei motor driver pawl hi mizakip he nifa achawn bia mi an si mingaih an thiam ko. Kan thilhruk kan umtu hi an kan ngaih khawh ngai ko rua. Daitein meivan lo in motor lei ah kan va kal ahnu tein ka zulh ka thilcu kan lak..

Zokhauthar cu aceu in a ceu ko. An khualu vailamtung an phun mi ko khi aceu khun. Kawlram lei cu a vun kan cerh. Indai ramchung ummi khua a raksi hmenh ka thei lo.Thailand ka rak um lio "google earth" chung in ka hmuh lo mi khua asi. Zaan le asi khuazei ahdah Ţoi tiva a um tuzaan hrim ah varal ka peh ahau ti lawng ka ruat. Tahan sumdawng nu pawl nih Hakha ni maw tlun inn na ngeihlo cun kanmah sin ah i ţhum ko zaan asi cang spy ho te pawl zong arapthlak alawm i hrai em anka ti "Mizo ţong tlemtlem ka hrai". Ţoi cu Tuluk ser generator in mei mah tein an ni van coi. Rawl dawr ah ka lut. Laimi sumdowng pawl nih an ka hmuh cangka kutka khar cang uh atlaicang tiin an vun ti, dawr ngeitu Falam an asi. Kapawng ah an ţhu, Khuazei in dah na rat naphun dang ngaingai nathinphang hlah dawr zong kan kharter cang hna. Lai sumdawng hna nih cun rawl khimtein an ka dangh lengah Kanmah Hakha mi upa sinah an ka tlunter.Kalungthli tein U Vic milai ma an si hnga kati. Bai kan vun i ruah hna cun ka lung a vun fiang. Sumdawng Thlantlang lei kan unau an si Laikhal unau Lai ralkap hna thaa kan pek ngaihna an ti. Na mui le na thilhruk kan ninzoh ah ramdang in a rami lo le NGOs rianţuan mi na si lai ti kan nintheih ko an ka ti.

Pu Victor he Thailand in ka rak i thawh hlanah bia kan ni chimcia. Chomphia na phak in Pu Solomon "CNF commender"nati hna ahcun ahopoah nih an theih ko, amah sinah rak i ţhum te. Mah lo nalam atluan thluahmah asi ahcun Aizawl ah rak len law rak kan kawl te. Kan rak phan cang lai mirang pawl karak ratpi hna lai fawitein nan kan hmuh kawh ko lai tiin Chaingmai in kan ni chimcai. Chomphia cu ka vun phan Pu Mon te umnak ding hrawng ka lungthli in ka kawl pah hna. Kalung chung karuahmi cu Aizawl lawlaw tu lenh in ţhate'n tu idinh ka duh cang. Laitlang cung dinhlo in ka culnak kathabat si ka kuk si len lawlaw ning kati.Rupee 350 lawngbak ka kut ah a tang. Aizawl kalnak bus man zeizah dah adih hnga aw ti awlokchawng in ka um. Khuazaza ka cuanpah cun Aizawl nightbus ka vun hmuh cang ka kakai colh. Aizawl ka phanh cu makko ka ti tlangcung ram khualipi taktak asi. Tlangbo cung poah ah Biakinn nganpipi ko nih khin Aizawl khualipi cu rumra a ngaihtar khun. Kake in Aizawl khuachung Hotle aţhat deuh nak poahpoah Pu Victor te thawng ka hlat hna, ka hmu kho hna lo zeitiawmţha guess house tu ah riak ning kati.Riahmen zankhat Rupee 100 phaisa kakut cung atang mi hi zankhat riatnak le rawl vuikhat ei nak lawng ka taang cang. "Guess House" kam auto exchange telephone ti kahmuh. Aizawl yellow pages cauk ka vun kau cu Lai association address le ţuanvo ngeitu hna min bak kavun hmuh ko. Ka nuamh ţhat cu Ka vun phone colh 2006 kum Aizawl Lai secretary pastor pa nih a rak tleih. Keimah tein theihternak ka tuah, Pastor pa nih Pu Paul Sitha (CNF general Secretary) a rak chimh. Pu Pual nih cun a rak ka don, a inn lei kan kal pah aka chimh mi cu Mizoram kanrak umka ah Burma mi an rak kan zawmteih ning cu "Karate i thiam em"an kan ti kan tawkha hi hngakchia hmenh nih an duh poah in an kan chuit ati. Athaizing ah Pu Mon "Solomond CNF commender" te an rakphan ve. Pu Mon hi kan hngakchiat lio Hakha sundayschool kan saya a rak si. Chrismas caan guitar an kan tumpiak Lungbiakinn in ChinOosi lei ah Hakha mino vialte "Bawipa cu a chuak cang Bawipa cu thangţhat"uh tiin karak aupi lio kokha kalung chung ah acuang.Pu Mon ka hmuh cun ka nuamtuk biazaza thawngpang liangluang kan i ruah. Ahmai balte laat nih a ei dih. "Kanau kanram le kan miphun kan dawtnak cu ka hmai ah alang ko akati. Hriamnam phunzakip ţihnung ral lawng si lo in ruahsur lak le nitlang lak cangvut safe fikfa tambik nak Ţoiral tuhmawng maurua lakah CNA kan unau hna cu miţ zohnak hrim ah vitamin an bau ko minung muisam hmenh an keng lo.Thailand ram Measok khau ummi tlangpar ramtang hna"SSA, KNU, KIA"cheukhat hna cu motor ţhaţha tirawl eidin ah thinphan lo in an um. Maw Lairam dawttu hna Ţioral um Laikhal kan unau hna kan aur tuk hringhren ko hna pasal taktak nan si. Nihin vawlei ramkip katlawnnak Laimi hnasin, biachimnak caan ka ngei poah ah Pu Mon le anau le kong hi chim lo in ka um kho lo keimah le ka ti khawh tawh tein ka aupi.

Pu Victor te zong Aizawl kanphanhnu nithum hnu ahcun an rak phan. A rak ratpimi ahawi le hna nih Kawl cozah nih Laimi ankan hremnak ţhatein a theimi le Laimi an kan dawtu kan zawn an kan ruahpiaktu, Vawlei cung ramkip ah Laimi hna kankong an kan chim piaktu an si. A nizuam hringhren ko."Cristian Soliderity World Wide UK(CSW)"in an Excutive Director Nu Ms.Baron Cox le Asia Director Mr. Ben hna Ireland nuva hna Europeon Humanitrain aids lei Norway National Football team selection asimi Mr. Brown le Austria in BOB te nupa world state tiang in ţuanvo nganpipi angei mihna nih Laimi ankan dirpi. Kan van aţha hrim ko kan U le hna nunnak thisen hi alakin arak luang hrim lo mu. Cherry Zahau nih holh aleh piak hna nungak no te asi nain miphun dawtnak biatak te angei. Sumo jeep pahnih in Zokhuathar lei ah kankal hna. Ţio le Zo khuathar"Burma-India"Ţio tiva cung in thirhlei Indai nih andawnh. Kawlram leikap ah cun tinbawsi asen le India lei ah tinbawsi arang rong aa thuk. Pu Victor hawile hna cu Delhi in Aizawl ah vanlawng in an phan hna ţhaţhihmenh dinh menh lo in Zo khuathar ahcun an len colh. An nih caah cun lamle achia tirawl eining aa dang ngai fawn aharko lai an phunzai lo. Ţio hlei balte Kawlram lei dengtiang an vazawt hna Kawlram hi lehmah pahnih tluk deng kan kedil lei cu aa lut an ti. Ţio ralchan lei inn ralkapzawngsen rualpawl nih bawlung chuih mi zohbantuk in an rak kan cuanh. Mirang hna reru Zo khuathar in an rakluh cu mak anti kho tuk. Kanpi Nu Baron Cox nih Aizawl ummi Laimi hna he biaruah tinak i achim mi pakhat te cu "nannih Laimi cu spring bantuk nansi Kawl cozah nih harnak an in pek deuhdeuh hna an nin num deuhdeuh poah ah nan thawng chinchin".

Tuesday, June 1, 2010

Slash and Burn method in Northwest part of Myanmar in Chin State

Slash and burn method in northwest part in Myanmar

Table of Contents

Sr. No Subject

A. Tables

B. Acknowledgement

I. Abstract

1. Necessity study

2. Methosd of study

I.1. Education sector

I.2. Cultivation in Chinland

I.3. Method of Cultivation

I.4. Hardship and Problems

I.5. Research resul;t against original objective

II. Introduction: Summery of development and execution of study

1. Background

2. Objective

III. Method of Study

IV. Content and results: Activities or contents of study/Research and discussion:

1.Slash and Burn Method

2. Future Plan

V. Practical application plan

1.Influences to the community

2. The government policy

VI. Environmental Impacts

1. Migration and Displacement

VII. Pratical application plan

1. Social effects

2. Economic effects

3. Political effects

VII. References: Literature/ Documents/ Websites

UNEP-EPLC Eco- peace leadership centre Kangwon national university


Sr.

Subject

1988

2005

Progress

1.

Sown Acreage(million)

24.48

26.6

1.8

2.

Monsoon paddy sown acreages(million)

11.53

15.04

3.51

3.

Summer paddy sown acreages(million)

-

3.44

3.44

4.

Total paddy production(basket in million)

653

1,200

547

5

Per acre yield( basket)

53

70

17

Table (1) Increase in paddy production of Myanmar (1988-2005)

Sr.

Subject

1988

2005

Progress

1.

Sown acreage (million)

12

26

14

2.

Dams completed

138

317

179

3.

Dams under construction

-

24

24

4.

Completed river water

-

293

293

5.

River water pumping project under

-

34

34

implementation

6.

Irrigated acreage ( million)

4

6

2

7.

Crop cultivation capacity (percent)

119

271

152

8.

Paddy production ( basket in million)

653

1200

547

9.

Double cropping acre ( million)

3

10

7

10.

Food sufficiency ( percent)

-

143

143

11.

Beans and Pulses acreage (million)

2

9

7

12.

Maze acreage (million)

4

8

4

13.

Edible oil crops acreage

5

8

3

Table (2) Agriculture development of Myanmar (1988-2005)

Growth

production

Sr.

Subject

acreage

Yields production

percentage

Remarks

1.

Rice

126,984

4714163

478.31

baskets

2.

Corn/maize

83,521

2,521,708

241.31

baskets

3.

Millet

28,403

2,542,078

78.77

baskets

4.

Beans

2,886

246,814

62.46

baskets

5.

Green Beans

2,349

29,922

123.73

baskets

6.

Ground peas

5,058

184,972

316.51

viss

7.

Bananas

3,149

1,326,715

3967

bunches

8.

Onion

1,595

2,014,670

9,719.65

viss

9.

Garlic

1,214

1,310,306

8,166.06

viss

10.

Ginger

2,504

2,347,111

8,966.07

viss

11.

Sun flower

6,451

32,714

47.25

viss

12.

Sesame

7,180

53,055

62.16

baskets

13.

Potatoes

4,032

6,267,714

12,037.53

viss

14.

Sweet Potatoes

4,820

3,952,272

6,177.01

viss

15.

Yam

3,263

4,327,688

15,757.06

viss

16.

Pepper

2,941

3,206,098

28,98.11

viss

Table (3) Yields production in northwest part of Myanmar in Chin state 2007-2008

State name

Male

Female

Total

Area(sq.km)

Destiny (per sq.km)

Chin

252,579

265,565

518,144

36,019

14

Table (4) Estimated population by sex and population destiny in Chin State 2005


Slash and burn method in northwest part of Myanmar

Sr.

State and Division

1988

2005

Progress

1.

Kachin

1

4

3

2.

Kayah

-

1

1

3.

Kayin

1

2

1

4.

Chin ( Northwest part of Myanmar)

-

-

1

5.

Sagaing

-

3

6

6.

Taninthayi

1

3

2

7.

Bago ( East )

1

3

2

8.

Bago ( West )

1

2

1

9.

Magway

3

5

2

10.

Mandalay

3

10

7

11.

Mon

1

2

1

12.

Rakhine

1

2

1

13.

Yangon

8

12

4

14.

Shan ( South )

1

3

2

15.

Shan ( North )

1

1

-

16.

Shan ( East )

-

1

1

17.

Ayeyawady

2

6

4

TOTAL

27

64

37

Table (5) Universities and colleges in States and divisions in Myanmar

PS: As table shown that there is no any university and collage in Chin State


Sr.

Townships

Villages

Population

1.

Hakha

74

66,203

2.

Falam

163

77,539

3.

Thantlang

84

62,138

4.

Teddim

134

86,153

5.

Tongzang

67

23,151

6.

Matupi

120

45,031

7.

Mindat

197

42,425

8.

Kanpalet

114

19,374

9.

paletwa

407

85,370

10.

Rihkhuadar

17

5,136

11.

Rezua

28

14,639

12.

Cikha

27

9,981

TOTAL

1,533

533,140

Table (6) Estimated of townships and villages population in Chin State

PS: 10.Rihkhudar, 11.Rezua, 12. Cikha are Junta military era designed building new townships


B. Agknowledgements

First and foremost, words couldn’t express my thanks to UNEP- EPLP Eco-Peace leadership Centre at Korea. They provided me financial and technical support to do this study of slash and burn method in northwest part of Myanmar. And I would like to thank my colleagues while I was studied in 2007 Mekong school from Thailand, who sent me the Eco-Peace Leadership program application form and all the necessary information that I needed. Moreover, I can not leave out to give my heartfelt gratitude to UNEP- EPLP coordinator Ms.Jung-In SEO who took a great care of me with sympathy, compassion and much understanding my country political situation. There are numerous other people whom I must thank for their kindness; the indigenous Chin people where I went for the field’s research site. The ones Mountain Oasis resort who helped me out in whatever I needed.

I awe a great debt to thank to my advisor professor Dr. Kwaw IL Chyun. Who imparted and advice me a long time to choose solid title of the environmental knowledge and my research paper during I was visit the field’s research site in Northwest part of Myanmar.

Also I cannot forget to thank to UNEP- EPLP staff who took care of me and loved me as a good friend during our abstract presentation at Korea, And Asia-Pacific Regions friend alls who joined the Leadership Program.

Last but not least, I would like to express my humble gratitude to my mother organization, the Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) and board of director Salai Victor Biak Lian from whom I acquired much knowledge to work for my country; My hero mother who always encouraged me while I was doing my research studies and to my nephew Siang Khuit from USA and Dr. John who gave me much edited my research paper.

I. Abstract

1. Necessity study

Myanmar is taking measure for development of agriculture as the base and all round development of other sector of the economy as well. The agriculture fulfills the food requirement of the citizens. It also contributes much towards their socio- economic development and rural development. Although, the military government misses their goals of rural development for the indigenous Chin people who they are lived in northwest part of Myanmar. (See table 1,2)

The indigenous Chin people have been practiced slash and burn method agriculture in since earliest period. About 75% of the lands are being used in these agriculture sectors. The result of the area northwest parts of Myanmar’s

fertile, land, forests, environments and weather condition is rapidly changes. The forests became bald mountain. (See photos pages 6,7) The forest are rapidly became bald mountain and had to changes deforestation. The land is seriously faced with environmental crisis problem. Several years occurs flood in raining season as floating with rich of fertile as affected soil erosions. The river is gang dry and the streams are deprived in summer period, it’s directly affected agriculture sector. There is not possible of double cropping cultivation in the areas. Wildlife also destructive such as included reptile and mammal animals, birds’ rats multiply eating paddy fields and crops in farmlands. And drought also badly affected in these areas. This is the main foods security for the people in the areas had been in threat. In northwest part of Myanmar so far famine has not started but there is certainly a serious imminent famine in these areas.

On the otherwise, military junta government absent nothing to supports educations and technology, machineries and infrastructure for purpose development of agriculture sector in the northwest part of Myanmar. In recent years 2008 until September the researcher estimated the populations of about 60% the Chin indigenous people are facing shortage of food and 100,000 over who lived in refugees’ status to fleeing in neighboring countries such as Thailand Malaysia and India. The military junta government has not address this problem. Instead, they have lands confiscated for theirs own government economic growth thriving tea plantation in Chin hills and prohibited to organize by environmental and conservation for local NGOs.

1.1. Education Sector

In the union of Myanmar, Uplift of the education of the entire nation has been laid down as national objective and every effort has been made of put the objective into reality in order that the nation and the race will be able to stand tall among nations of the world. The objective of building universities and colleges throughout the country including the border areas is enabling the youth to pursue higher education within their arms reach. However, the northwest part of Myanmar Chin State the young Chin students have no opportunity to learning higher education and no any university and college building infrastructure in Chin state. See table (5).

1.2. Cultivation in Chinland.

The main occupation of the people of Chin is cultivation. It is the main work for their living. So, 85 percent populations of the state are cultivators in Chinland. The farms which they cultivate are on the hilly grounds. The farms on the hilly grounds mostly are cornfields. (See photos pages 6)

1.3. Method of cultivation

Many trees both small and big trees thorns and grasses covered the hilly grounds. So the first step farmers cut down them all in January. When all are dried up they are burned with fire in March. After burning them all they cultivate the ground and seed sprout the weeds also come up among the crops. Therefore before the time of harvest comes the weeds are rooted up two times in June and in August. Then the farmers harvest the crops from November to December. The farmers stop to cultivate the farms at every three years to five years it is depend on good soil and move to another place and cultivate the new hilly grounds. They stop to cultivate their farms in order to reforest their farms because all the good soil is eroded by rain. When their farms are reforested during 7- 8 years after they again cultivate their farms. (See table 3)

Hardship and Problems

The farmers faced many hardships and problems in struggling their living. Though they work hard the whole year round their farms do not produce enough crops to eat. Due to lack of enough good soil the farms cannot help produce enough crops because government cannot help cultivate the ground as needed. Due to failure of rain fall in time there is no good harvest. The farm sometimes can no longer reforest to cultivate again. Therefore farmers cannot cultivate the new place which would produce enough crops to eat.

II. Introduction: summery of development and execution of study

1.Background

Chinland is is located in northwest part of Myanmar and lie between the longitude 92.15˚east and 97˚east, and in between the latitude18˚ north. Bangladesh is to it’s southwest, Manipur state of India is to it’s northwest. Magwe and Sagaing division (Myanmar) is to it’s east, Arakan state is to it’s south. The total land areas is (13907) square miles and practically, there is neither plain nor flat land in Chin state. The Manipur river is the main biggest river in Chin state which is flow into Chindwin river. The highest mountain in Chinland is Khawnutum (Mt.Victorai) its 10,500 feet high above see level.The Chin are composed with several tribe such as Asho,Cho, Khumi, Kuki, Laimi, Lusai, Zomi tribes and so on. The population of present Chin land is 518,144. Majorities of Chin are Christian in 90% and devotee of Buddhism and a little of Chin are spiritualism. Deforestation has been a major concern in Chin state Since the earliest period. (see table.4)

The indigenous Chin people had been practicing terracing and slash and burn method agriculture cultivation. Besides, the method has made the people to work on farm lands for three to eight years depending on quality of the soil. At the same time, farmers have no permanent settlements around the farm. Thus, slash and burn method of agriculture is destroying the forest of Chin State, causing soil erosion and depletion of fertility. Periodic droughts, floods, landslides, and cyclone sometimes have devastating effect on agriculture. For example Narkis cyclone hits Irrawaddy delta zone and Yangon district in May 2008. In Chin land, most of forests clearing comprise of agriculture sector in 70%, commercial logging sector 15%, cutting down trees to collect orchids in 10%, and livestock usage account for 5%. Chin land produces not enough food to feed its entire population. In the absent of military Junta participation, there has been lack of development in agriculture sector infrastructure and technical support. The indigenous people also have lack of environmental and cultivation knowledge. Many of the indigenous Chin people go hungry and the rural households do not have any land or livestock. For example, many thousand of the indigenous Chin people are living as refugees' status in neighbouring countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, and India. The authorities have renovated dam, reservoir, and built new water pump from rivers and stream and taken other measures to improve irrigation. More remain to be done in this regard.

Myanmar is known as the strongest Buddhism country in the world. According to latest estimation the population of Myanmar is 56 million. More then two third of the population are ethnic Bama and the rest are minority ethnic groups. 89.2 % of the people are Buddhists, 5% Christianity, and the rest are Muslims and others.

2. Objectives

1. To make sure scientific research about environmental impact assessment from the focus areas and to published the result of its impact.

2. To educate environmental awareness like conservation and protection; know how training workshop should be arranged throughout among the indigenous Chin people.

3. To help establish systematic rehabilitation of forest, forest product, and guard for the protection of forest reserve of its indwellers.

4. To take good care of the grassroots culture and social standard of the native.

5. Actively including farmer and children so that they find better ways to improve knowledge of environmental impact.


IV. Content and Results: activities or contents of study/ research result result and discussions:

The northwest part of Myanmar, Chiland is the most under developed state in Myanmar. The reasons are one, most inhabitants in Chin state belong to Chri- stianity and therefore do not share Buddhism with ethnic Bamar group; inaccessibility by car due to mountainous terrain; three, the government does not put any efforts in development projects. It can also be attributed to Chin state having no natural resources compare to other regions in Myanmar.

Slash and burn agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population. Rice, corns, peppers, sesame and potatoes are planted. Near flatlands and riverbeds, there are rice paddies but these only feed individual families that farm them. Since there is little knowledge of productive planting methods and seeds selection, harvest season usually bring.

1. Slash and Burn Methods

Summer is the best time to start working on farming. After a large area of forest trees are cleared, the area is burned within three to four weeks. Then, planting of various seeds usually followed. Rainy season is the best time to reap various fruits. In order for to have a good harvest, it is best to clear weeds and grass from over taking crops. Three acres of farmland is require to sustain a family of five because one area only brings in 60 bushels of rice.

April and May is the best time to plant seeds. There is, however, different time and techniques in planting seeds depending on the weather and area. On a good soil, farmers can work on the land for three to seven years. Lands that are work on for more than eight years no longer produce good harvests, which usually results in cutting down trees and making new area for planting seeds. In areas where there is bad soil composition the place had to be abandon after three years. Crops that require large amount of fertilizers often failed because farmers could not afford them. This kind of farming methods have been used for very long. Since this has been the preferred method of farming since eighteenth century, today Chinland’s mountains and valleys are without trees. Forest are now empitied of trees.m It is estimated that over 70% of Chinland forest no longer hold wild animal nad trees. Thus there is no longer a consistent partern of rain in Chin state. It is now harder for a family to depend their crops and to reap enough crops for one year. Although the government has Agricultural and Forestry department, it does not provide real help in terms of educating farmers, financial assistance, and providing fertilizers. Religious institutions try to fill the gap but without government approval, their success has been limited. Further, the Chins themselves do not have any kind of education in successful farming.

There are two methods in which the Chins work on the land. It can be divided based on northern and southern Chin methods. Northern Chins only stay, that is, live in the farm, during the season. After harvest, they went back of their villages. They break and get rested during winter months; this is also a time for them to visit families.

However, there is a big difference in which southern Chins farm. The whole family live in their farm during the season; it also function as their home. Corn is the main crop. There is little rice terrace farming. Rice is only eaten in special occasion such as when other family’s members visit. Since their main diet is made of corn, there is a high proportion of people over 50 years of age with digestive problems and cancer. In Kaidaw village of Mindat township, a cemetary headstone outnumber the local population. The main reason for that is lack of food. In this area, villagers can typically work on their land for tree to eight years depending on the soil. for instance, at one villager I interviewed a lady how does she bath and the response was only two during in her lifetime. Their skin is generally is dark due to a lack of proper bathing. Going to schools, hospital and churches does not exist beacuse they still retain their animist belief system. When one person gets sick, he usually blames the illness to a punishment from bad spirits. There is a lot to go in terms of education. communication and transportation in this area. And they still pratice revenge killing, a practice that is obsolete in other parts of Chin state. It’s likely that this is due to competition for scarce resources. Everyone here wants to get the best of land, the area of land that has fertile soil. And the concept of having land title is still absent, which results in people arguing and fighting largely based on claims that the disputed land belongs to a deceased grandmother. Some of these disputes result in deaths. Some result in the stronger party forcefully taking the disputed land. When the weaker party produce a strong son, that son takes revenge of the former victor. Thus, there is a vicious cycle of fighting for land and family honour. In present day, revenge killing is still practice in some parts of Chin state and hard to prevent when occur. During my research trip, the entire population of two villages perished because of revenge killing. I asked one villager why he was carrying a heavy sack of corn and slinging a hunting rifle on his shoulder. He responded by saying that, others might take his life and thus had to be prepared. Just like this man, many of the villages still live a life that is fraught with dangers.

There is fifteen percent deforestation in Chin state. The main reason for that is clearing trees and forests for farming. Chin state is made-up of deep valleys and high mountains, which tends to produce a cold climate. December is the coldest month with temperature reaching negative five centigrade. In the whole of Chin state, electricity is only available for use under 600 Mega watts. Only cities get electricity at nights, while villages get no access. Under rural development project, UNDP provides some villages with mini hydro power. Since the majority of Chins do not have electricity, woods and other natural resources are used to cook food. Trees are also cut in order to collect……, Because there is INGOs do not operate in Chin state, there is a lack of education on environmental conservation and protection.



III. Methodology: recourses, input and methods for study / research.

This research is based on slash and burn method agriculture from the northwest part of Myanmar, Chin State. The study includes not only agriculture and forest conservation but also gives concern and care for the people. The research is done on the advantages, disadvantages and the effects brought by the slash and burn agriculture system, which is being practice by using the Northwest part of Myanmar and the indigenous Chin people as research subjects.

The researcher uses the secondary resources such as reference books, Internet, magazines notes for background and some of the data information. But the main topic is done by the researcher's fields work and interviewing the immediate related people, as far as the risk could be taken and the local farmer with in effected the slash and burn agriculture cultivation areas. The concerned persons from near and far are met directly discussing about the topic.

2. Future Plan

In order for NGOs to succeed, government approval and having freedom of movement is essential. Since the military junta government does not support the work that NGOs perform, it is especially hard for ethnic populations to gain knowledge when it comes to environmental conservation. The military government prohibits foreigners from traveling to northwest part of Myanmar. The slash and burn method of agriculture has cleared large area of forests in that part. This has caused no rain for long period and generally made life much harder for people. Thus, there is a great need for education. Without government support, the task of preventing environment degradation and protecting forests will require help from every facet of society. The ideal goal is to hold seminar, workshop, and to produce books and VCDs that can be easily be understood by children, farmers, and students as well.

V. Practical Application Plan

1. Influences to the community

Rising cost of living and arbitrary and repressive policies of the ruling military junta are driving Chin people into deeper and deeper humanitarian crisis, causing serious alarm of hunger and famine for communities across Myanmar western frontier.Recently in Chin State indicates that more and more communities are finding themselves affected by rising cost of living arbitary and excessive tax, forced labor programs repressive policies of the state peace and development council SPDC. In many parts of Chin state, hunger and famine are becoming a reality for the first time since the army takeover 19 years ago as previously selfsufficient communities are no longer able to make ends meet. Ordinary Chin families such as farmers who account for the majority and make up the backbone of local economy are worst affected by the crisis due to various restrictions and bans, as well as excessive taxes imposed on them by military authorities. In parts of Falam township of northern Chin State farmers are completely banned from clearing new forests for the 2008 cultivation season while imposition of restrictive rules and arbitrary taxes are preventing other communities such as those in the southern township of Matupi from continuing to make their sole and traditional means of livelihood.

Additionally, many rural communities are bracing for, or are already dealing with, the rapid boom of crop-eating rodent population with the flowering of bamboos, which has historically driven local communities into disastrous famine every half a century or so.

Urban residents such as those living in major towns are facing similar economic crisis. Rising commodity prices and living costs, compounded by various forms of arbitrary and often excessive taxes are taking a toll on Chin families. Apart from excessively large sums exacted for property and municipal taxes, families are required to pay as much as 30, 000 Kyats equal to US$ 28 per household per year in order to be exempt from government-sponsored forced labor programs such as porter and construction related to development and military purposes. This does not include other 'donations' that each family must pay on a regular basis such as for the cost of militia and vigilante training conducted by the army in towns and villages across the state. In total, each family ends up paying as much as 300,000 to 400, 000 Kyats to the military government.(Possibility exchange rates is 1250 Kyat equal US$ 1)

2. The government policy (Brief story of Myanmar political background)

Myanmar became an independent country in 1948 January 4. Since then the country had been ruled by the military junta government. In 1980, the country economy began to grow as the Socialist government related restrictions on foreign aids, but by late 1980s the commodity began to fall.

In 1981, NeWin retired as president but remained in power as chairman of the BSPP (Burma Socialist People Party) until his sudden unexpected announcem-ent to step down on 25th July 1988. Then General Saw Maung took up the position but brutally killed thousands of students and civilians in March and June 1988. Consequently the protests and demonstration broke out throughout the country. Since then universities, colleges and schools had been closed for a year. When reopened, in 1993, the second students uprising broke out again that all universities and colleges were closed again until 2000. Although Daw Aung San Su Kyi, the leader of Notional League for Democracy (NLD) party won the election in 1990, the military continued to take up the ruling position.

In August 2003, ex-Prime Minister, General Khin Nyuint announced “the seven steps route map to Democracy” which the government claimed to be the


process of implementing. But the problem is that there is no timeline drawn for

the plan. There are many things need to put into consideration for this. The military government reconvened the national convention for the first time in February 17, 1998 and again attempted to rewrite the constitution in 2003. In 2005 November the government was able to effort to move the capital city from Yangon to an unnamed location near Kyatpin just outside of Pyinmana to a newly design capital city, which was officially named Naypyidaw on March 27, 2006, on the Arm Force Day. The government is able to manage the high up cost of all these by using up the country’s rich natural resources and public’s treasure not only for their own gain but also to make their power stronger. Meanwhile, the civilians suffer much but kept silent out of fear. But by 2007 September, the fear of death and torture could not keep the monks and civilians from protesting against the inhumane rule of the military junta.

2. Migration and Displacement

“We are compelled to leave our village because we have nothing left to eat.”

For families that have already depleted their food supplies and livestock, fleeing across the border into India’s Mizoram State offers the only hope for them to continue to survive. In response to reports of such flight, Chin Human Rights Organization CHRO conducted a week-long visit to the Mizoram-Chin State border in March 2008 where it found more than 400 people belonging to 93-families from 22 villages of the southern township of Paletwa, Chin State taking temporary shelter in four border villages inside Mizoram. They included 50-60 children, of which half were school age. The exodus from this particular area of Chin State started in October 2007, and there are indications that more people from the area will resort to coming into Mizoram in the near future. It is likely that there could be more communities who have already crossed the border into Mizoram whom CHRO has not been able to reach. Since CHRO’s visit in March, it has been reported that an additional 200 to 300 new people have arrived there.

VII. Practical application plan

1. Social effects

A. Background

The social life of Chin is very simple. The Chins are social able and friendly in every aspect of living. They have friendly relationship with one another. They help one another family. They are sharing both gladness and sadness with one another. They are honest and faithful. For example, When a certain man or women dies in a village the whole villagers go to the house of the dead person to condole the family of the dead person and share their sadness with them. They stay with them until the dead person is buried. The villagers take responsibility of digging grave and everything which is needed for the burial of the dead person. They help them in many ways.

B. Effect of social living

Life has change to the age of up to date living. The desire of giving and getting are brought into the hearts of junta government by the age of up to date living. In other words giving and getting are bribery and graft. The desire of giving and getting or bribery and graft are deeply rooted in the hearths of holder of authority and powers are junta government.

People can not get job without giving money to those who can offer jobs. So, in general when people apply for jobs in the office of government the give first a certain amount of money to those who can offer jobs. Only after giving them money they get jobs which they apply.

The desire of giving and getting influence the people of northwest part of Myanmar the whole Chin State. Therefore, the though of giving and getting became as their usual living. They are greatly demoralized. They are no longer honest and faithful.

2. Economic effect

To day prices of groceries and household goods are risen higher and higher one month after another. Every essential goods and clothing for household living is getting higher every month. So household living is very hard. It is no longer easy any more as it was in the past.

Monthly income of a worker who is working as paid worker in a factory is no longer enough for his monthly consumption as ti was in the past. He has to work additional work in order to get enough money to earn his living and to take care of his family. Likewise monthly income of a certain man who is working in the office of government is no longer enough for his for his monthly consumption. He has to work overtime in such a way that he would be able to earn his family and his living.

Money has no value any more as it was in the past. The value of money is decreasing and become worthless and valueless. Myanmar currency Kyat one can't buy nothing.People can not buy what they want to buy. They can not get what they want to get. Therefore, cheating, telling, lying, stealing and corruption take place in the hearths of many people.

3. Political effects

At present time,The military junta government of Myanmar is problem maker for the people of Chin rather than helper. The junta controlled everything in the Chinland. As the Chin people are under the control of the junta they do not have freedom to work for their own benefit. The military government gave the Chin people many hardship and difficulties in every aspect which made them to neglect to work for their daily living as needed because military government forced them to work for the junta.

Here are the examples. The people of old Hakha (capital city in Chinland) were forced to cultivate potatoes field for the junta. A group of soldier asked them to go to the jungle to cultivate and make potatoes field. As they work the whole year round in potatoes field for their own living. As they do not have time to work for themselves they became poor and needy. There are many other villages that face the same difficulties and problems as they are also forced to work for the military.

The villagers are taken as porter by the military. When the grounds of soldiers go out for patrol the villagers are forced to carry their properties and luggage from one place to another. As they carry the luggage’s of military they face many hardship and difficulties. They are not given wages of carrying luggage’s of military.

The junta government collects money from every household and every family in Chinland from the project of plantation. The central junta government has very big project to plant a certain kind of tree which produce juice. Every family and every householder is forced to give a big amount of money for this project. The junta government collects money very often from every householder.

Due to different kinds of difficulties and problem the people of Chin are becoming poorer and needier. So many people leave their homes and migrate to lower Myanmar in order to take care of their living easier. Life in the Chinland is becoming harder one year after another because cost of living is very high and unequal gap of their incomes and money inflations.

VIII. References: Literatures / Documents / Websites

- Sustainable development in agriculture and education sectors

- National Economics Encyclopaedia: Asia and the pacific Myanmar (Burma)

- UNDP Myanmar agriculture sector review September 2002

- Handbook on human resources development indicator

UNFPA 2006 (special edition)

- www.mofa.gov.mm

- www.chinrelief.or

UNEP-EPLC Eco- peace leadership centre Kangwon national university